# Glossary
## Action
[Actions]: #action
[Action]: #action
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], an *action* may be performed by an [actor][] during a
[turn][]. Actions are quasi-transactional, taking effect only if their containing turn is
committed.
Four core varieties of action, each with a matching variety of [event][], are offered across
all realisations of the [SAM][]:
- An *assertion* action publishes an [assertion][] at a [target entity][]. A unique [handle][]
names the assertion action so that it may later be retracted. For more detail, [see below on
Assertions][assertion].
- A *retraction* action withdraws a previously-published assertion from the target entity.
- A *message* action sends a [message][] to a target entity.
- A *synchronization* action carries a local [entity reference][] to a target entity. When it
eventually reaches the target, the target will (by default) immediately reply with a simple
acknowledgement to the entity reference carried in the request. For more detail, [see below
on Synchronization][Synchronization].
Beside the core four actions, many individual implementations offer action variants such as the
following:
- A *spawn* action will, when the containing turn commits, create a new actor running
alongside the acting party. In many implementations, spawned actors may optionally be
[linked][link] to the spawning actor.
- *Replacement* of a previously-established assertion, "altering" the target entity reference
and/or [payload][]. This proceeds, conventionally, by establishment of the new assertion
followed immediately by retraction of the old.
Finally, implementations may offer pseudo-actions whose effects are local to the acting party:
- Creation of a new [facet][].
- Creation of a new [entity reference][] associated with the [active facet][] denoting a
freshly-created local [entity][].
- Shutdown (stopping) of the [active facet][] or any other [facet][] within the acting party.
- Stopping of the current actor, either gracefully or with a simulated crash.
- Creation of a new [field/cell/dataflow variable][dataflow variable].
- Creation of a new [dataflow block][dataflow block].
- Creation of a new [linked task][] associated with the [active facet][].
- Scheduling of a new one-off or periodic [alarm][].
## Active Facet
[Active Facet]: #active-facet
The [facet][] associated with the [event][] currently being processed in an active [turn][].
## Actor
[Actors]: #actor
[Actor]: #actor
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], an *actor* is an isolated thread of execution. An actor
repeatedly takes [events][] from its [mailbox][], handling each in a [turn][]. In many
implementations of the [SAM][], each actor is internally structured as a tree of [facets][].
## Alarm
[Alarm]: #alarm
See [timeout][].
## Assertion
[Assertion]: #assertion
[Assertions]: #assertion
- *verb.* To *assert* (or to *publish*) a value is to choose a [target entity][] and perform
an [action][] conveying an *assertion* to that entity.
- *noun.* An *assertion* is a [value][] carried as the payload of an assertion [action][],
denoting a relevant portion of a public aspect of the conversational state of the sending
party that it has chosen to convey to the recipient entity.
The [value][] carried in an assertion may, in some implementations, depend on one or more
[dataflow variables][]; in those implementations, when the contents of such a variable
changes, the assertion is automatically withdrawn, recomputed, and re-published (with a
fresh [handle][]).
## Attenuation
[Attenuation]: #attenuation
[Attenuated]: #attenuation
To *attenuate* a [capability][] (yielding an *attenuated capability*), a sequence of filters is
prepended to the possibly-empty list of filters attached to an existing capability. Each filter
either discards, rewrites, or accepts unchanged any [payload][] directed at the underlying
capability. A special pattern language exists in the [Syndicate network protocol][] for
describing filters; many implementations also allow in-memory capabilities to be filtered by
the same language.
## Capability
[Capability]: #capability
[Cap]: #capability
(a.k.a. **Cap**) Used roughly interchangeably with "[reference][]", connoting a security-,
access-control-, or privacy-relevant aspect.
## Cell
[Cell]: #cell
See [dataflow variable][].
## Compositional
[Compositional]: #compositional
To quote the [Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/compositionality/#Clar), the "principle of
compositionality" can be understood to be that
> The meaning of a complex expression is determined by its structure and the meanings of its
> constituents.
People often implicitly intend "... *and nothing else*." For example, when I claim that the
[object-capability model][] is a compositional approach to system security, I mean that the
access conveyed by an assemblage of capabilties can be understood in terms of the access
conveyed by each individual capability taken in isolation, *and nothing else*.
## Configuration Scripting Language
**Main article: [The Configuration Scripting Language](./operation/scripting.md)**
The `syndicate-server` program includes a scripting language, used for configuration of the
server and its clients, population of initial dataspaces for the system that the
`syndicate-server` instance is part of, and scripting of simple behaviours in reaction to
appearance of assertions or transmission of messages.
The scripting language is [documented here](./operation/scripting.md).
## Conversational State
[Conversational State]: #conversational-state
[Conversational Frame]: #conversational-state
The collection of facts and knowledge held by a component participating in an ongoing
conversation about some task that the component is undertaking:
> The conversational state that accumulates as part of a collaboration among components can be
> thought of as a collection of facts. First, there are those facts that define the *frame* of
> a conversation. These are exactly the facts that identify the task at hand; we label them
> “framing knowledge”, and taken together, they are the “conversational frame” for the
> conversation whose purpose is completion of a particular shared task. Just as tasks can be
> broken down into more finely-focused subtasks, so can conversations be broken down into
> sub-conversations. In these cases, part of the conversational state of an overarching
> interaction will describe a frame for each sub-conversation, within which corresponding
> sub-conversational state exists. The knowledge framing a conversation acts as a bridge
> between it and its wider context, defining its “purpose” in the sense of the [Gricean
> Cooperative Principle]. [The following figure] schematically depicts these relationships.
>
> 
>
> Some facts define conversational frames, but *every* shared fact is contextualized *within*
> some conversational frame. Within a frame, then, some facts will pertain directly to the task
> at hand. These, we label “domain knowledge”. Generally, such facts describe global aspects of
> the common problem that remain valid as we shift our perspective from participant to
> participant. Other facts describe the knowledge or beliefs of particular components. These,
> we label “epistemic knowledge”.
>
> — Excerpt from [Chapter 2 of (Garnock-Jones
> 2017)](https://syndicate-lang.org/tonyg-dissertation/html/#x_2_2_0_0_1). The quoted
> section continues [here](https://syndicate-lang.org/tonyg-dissertation/html/#x_2_2_0_0_7).
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], there is often a one-to-one correspondence between a
[facet][] and a conversational frame, with [fate-sharing][] employed to connect the lifetime of
the one with the lifetime of the other.
## Dataflow
[Dataflow]: #dataflow
A programming model in which changes in stored state automatically cause re-evaluation of
computations depending on that state. The results of such re-evaluations are themselves often
used to update a store, potentially triggering further re-computation.
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], dataflow appears in two guises: first, at a coarse
granularity, among actors and entities in the form of changes in published [assertions][]; and
second, at fine granularity, many implementations include [dataflow variables][] and [dataflow
blocks][] for *intra*-actor dataflow-based management of [conversational state][] and related
computation.
## Dataflow Block
[Dataflow block]: #dataflow-block
[Dataflow blocks]: #dataflow-block
Implementations of the [Syndicated Actor Model][] often include some language feature or
library operation for marking a portion of code as participating in [dataflow][], where changes
in observed [dataflow variables][] cause re-evaluation of the code block.
For example, in [a Smalltalk implementation of the
SAM](https://syndicate-lang.org/code/#squeak),
```smalltalk
a := Turn active cell: 1.
b := Turn active cell: 2.
sum := Turn active cell: 0.
Turn active dataflow: [sum value: a value + b value].
```
Later, as `a` and `b` have their values updated, `sum` will automatically be updated by
re-evaluation of the block given to the `dataflow:` method.
Analogous code can be written in TypeScript:
```typescript
field a: number = 1;
field b: number = 2;
field sum: number = 0;
dataflow {
sum.value = a.value + b.value;
}
```
in Racket:
```racket
(define-field a 1)
(define-field b 2)
(define/dataflow sum (+ (a) (b)))
```
in Python:
```python
a = turn.field(1)
b = turn.field(2)
sum = turn.field(0)
@turn.dataflow
def maintain_sum():
sum.value = a.value + b.value
```
and in Rust:
```rust,noplayground
turn.dataflow(|turn| {
let a_value = turn.get(&a);
let b_value = turn.get(&b);
turn.set(&sum, a_value + b_value);
})
```
## Dataflow Variable
[Dataflow Variable]: #dataflow-variable
[Dataflow Variables]: #dataflow-variable
(a.k.a. **Field**, **Cell**) A *dataflow variable* is a store for a single value, used with
[dataflow blocks][] in [dataflow][] programming.
When the value of a dataflow variable is read, the active [dataflow block][] is marked as
*depending* on the variable; and when the value of the variable is updated, the variable is
marked as *damaged*, leading eventually to re-evaluation of dataflow blocks depending on that
variable.
## Dataspace
[Dataspaces]: #dataspace
[Dataspace]: #dataspace
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], a *dataspace* is a particular class of [entity][] with
prescribed behaviour. Its role is to route and replicate published [assertions][] according to
the [declared interests][observe] of its peers.
See [here](./syndicated-actor-model.md#dataspaces) for a full explanation of dataspaces.
## Dataspace Pattern
[Dataspace Pattern]: #dataspace-pattern
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], a *dataspace pattern* is a structured [value][] describing a
pattern over other values. The pattern language used in current Dataspace implementations and
in the Syndicate protocol is documented [here](protocols/syndicate/dataspacePatterns.md).
## E
[E language]: #e
[E]: #e
The E programming language is an [object-capability model][] Actor language that has strongly
influenced the [Syndicated Actor Model][].
Many good sources exist describing the language and its associated philosophy, including:
- [The ERights.org website](http://www.erights.org/), the home of E
- [E (programming language)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(programming_language)) on
Wikipedia
- Miller, Mark S. “Robust Composition: Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and
Concurrency Control.” PhD, Johns Hopkins University, 2006.
[[PDF]](http://www.erights.org/talks/thesis/markm-thesis.pdf)
- Miller, Mark S., E. Dean Tribble, and Jonathan Shapiro. “Concurrency Among Strangers.” In
Proc. Int. Symp. on Trustworthy Global Computing, 195–229. Edinburgh, Scotland, 2005.
[[DOI]](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1986262.1986274)
[[PDF]](http://www.erights.org/talks/promises/paper/tgc05.pdf)
## Embedded References
[Embedded References]: #embedded-references
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], the [values][] carried by [assertions][] and [messages][]
may include [references][] to [entities][]. Because the SAM uses [Preserves][] as its data
language, the Preserves concept of an *embedded value* is used in the SAM to reliably mark
portions of a datum referring to SAM entities.
Concretely, in [Preserves text
syntax](https://preserves.dev/preserves-text.html), embedded values
appear prepended with `#:`. In messages transferred across links using the [Syndicate network
protocol][], references might appear as `#:[0 123]`, `#:[1 555]`, etc. etc.
## Entity
[Target Entity]: #entity
[Entities]: #entity
[Entity]: #entity
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], an *entity* is a stateful programming-language construct,
located within an [actor][], that is the target of [events][]. Each entity has its own
behaviour, specifying in code how it responds to incoming events.
An entity is the SAM analogue of "object" in [E][]-style languages: an addressable construct
logically contained within and [fate-sharing][] with an [actor][]. The concept of "entity"
differs from "object" in that entities are able to respond to [assertions][], not just
[messages][].
In many implementations of the [SAM][], entities [fate-share][] with individual [facets][]
within their containing actor rather than with the actor as a whole: when the facet associated
with an entity is stopped, the entity becomes unresponsive.
## Erlang
[Erlang]: #erlang
[Erlang](https://www.erlang.org/) is a process-style Actor language that has strongly
influenced the [Syndicated Actor Model][]. In particular, Erlang's approach to
failure-handling, involving [supervisors][] arranged in [supervision trees][] and processes
(actors) connected via [links and monitors][links], has been influential on the SAM. In the
SAM, links and monitors become special cases of [assertions][], and Erlang's approach to
process [supervision][] is used directly and is an important aspect of SAM system organisation.
## Event
[Event]: #event
[Events]: #event
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], an *event* is processed by an [entity][] during a [turn][],
and describes the outcome of an [action][] taken by some other [actor][].
Events come in four varieties corresponding to the four core [actions][] in the [SAM][]:
- An *assertion* event notifies the recipient entity of an [assertion][] published by some
peer. A unique [handle][] names the event so that later retraction of the assertion can be
correlated with the assertion event.
- A *retraction* event notifies the recipient entity of withdrawal of a previously-published
assertion.
- A *message* event notifies the recipient entity of a [message][] sent by some peer.
- A *synchronization* event, usually not handled explicitly by an entity, carries an [entity
reference][]. The recipient should arrange for an acknowledgement to be delivered to the
referenced entity once previously-received events that might modify the recipient's state
(or the state of a remote entity that it is proxy for) have been completely processed. For
more detail, [see below on Synchronization][Synchronization].
## Facet
[Facet]: #facet
[Facets]: #facet
In many implementations of the [Syndicated Actor Model][], a *facet* is a programming-language
construct representing a *conversation* and corresponding to a [conversational frame][]. Facets
are similar to the "nested threads" of Martin Sústrik's idea of [Structured
Concurrency](https://250bpm.com/blog:71/) (see also
[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_concurrency)).
Every [actor][] is structured as a tree of facets. (Compare and contrast with [the diagram in
the entry for Conversational State](#fig:conversation).)
Every facet is either "running" or "stopped". Each facet is the logical owner of zero or more
[entities][] as well as of zero or more published [assertions][]. A facet's entities and
published assertions [share its fate][fate-sharing]. While a facet is running, its associated
entities are responsive to incoming events; when it stops, its entities become permanently
unresponsive. A stopped facet never starts running again. When a facet is stopped, all its
assertions are retracted and all its subfacets are also stopped.
Facets may have *stop handlers* associated with them: when a facet is stopped, its stop
handlers are executed, one at a time. The stop handlers of each facet are executed before the
stop handlers of its parent and before its assertions are withdrawn.
Facets may be explicitly stopped by a stop [action][], or implicitly stopped when an actor
crashes. When an actor crashes, its stop handlers are not run: stop handlers are for orderly
processing of conversation termination. Instead, many implementations allow actors to have
associated *crash handlers* which run only in case of an actor crash. In the limit, of course,
even crash handlers cannot be guaranteed to run, because the underlying hardware or operating
system may suffer some kind of catastrophic failure.
## Fate-sharing
[Fate-sharing]: #fate-sharing
[Fate-share]: #fate-sharing
A design principle from large-scale network engineering, due to David Clark:
> The fate-sharing model suggests that it is acceptable to lose the state information
> associated with an entity if, at the same time, the entity itself is lost.
>
> — David D. Clark, “The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols.” ACM SIGCOMM
> Computer Communication Review 18, no. 4 (August 1988): 106–14.
> [[DOI]](https://doi.org/10.1145/52325.52336)
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], fate-sharing is used in connecting the lifetime of
[conversational state][] with the programming language representation of a conversational
frame, a [facet][].
## Field
[Field]: #field
See [dataflow variable][].
## Handle
[Handle]: #handle
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], every [assertion][] [action][] (and the corresponding
[event][]) includes a [scope][]-lifetime-unique *handle* that denotes the specific action/event
concerned, for purposes of later correlation with a retraction action.
Handles are, in many cases, implemented as unsigned integers, allocated using a simple
scope-wide counter.
## Initial OID
[Initial OID]: #initial-oid
In the [Syndicate network protocol][], the initial OID is a special [OID][] value understood by
prior arrangement to denote an [entity][] (specified by the "[initial ref][]") owned by some
remote peer across some network medium. The initial OID of a session is used to bootstrap
activity within that session.
## Initial Ref
[Initial Ref]: #initial-ref
In the [Syndicate network protocol][], the initial ref is a special [entity reference][]
associated by prior arrangement with an [initial OID][] in a session in order to bootstrap
session activity.
## Linked Actor
[Links]: #linked-actor
[Link]: #linked-actor
[Linked Actor]: #linked-actor
[Linked Actors]: #linked-actor
Many implementations of the [Syndicated Actor Model][] offer a feature whereby an [actor][] can
be spawned so that its root [facet][] is *linked* to the spawning facet in the spawning actor,
so that when one terminates, so does the other (by default).
```ditaa
+-Actor 1---------------------------+
| +----------+ |
| |root facet| |
| | (1) | |
| ++--------++ |
| | | |
| +----++ ++----------+ |
| |sub– | |sub–facet | |
| |facet| |(1.3) | |
| |(1.2)| +-+--------++ |
| +-----+ | | | +-Actor 6------------+
| +-----+--+ ++-------+| presence| +----------+ |
| |sub–sub–| |sub–sub–+-------------->|root facet| |
| |facet | |facet |<--------------+ (6) | |
| |(1.3.4) | |(1.3.5) || presence ++--------++ |
| +--------+ +--------+| | | | |
| | |+----++ ++----+|
+-----------------------------------+ ||sub– | |sub– ||
||facet| |facet||
||(6.7)| |(6.8)||
|+-----+ +-----+|
+--------------------+
```
Links are implemented as a pair of "presence" [assertions][], atomically established at the
time of the [spawn action][action], each indicating to a special entity with "stop on
retraction" behaviour the presence of its peer. When one of these assertions is withdrawn, the
targetted entity stops its associated [facet][], automatically terminating any subfacets and
executing any stop handlers.
This allows a "parent" actor to react to termination of its child, perhaps releasing associated
resources, and the corresponding "child" actor to be automatically terminated when the facet in
its parent that spawned the actor terminates.
This idea is inspired by [Erlang][], whose
"[links](https://www.erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/processes.html#links)" are symmetric,
bidirectional, failure-propagating connections among Erlang processes (actors) and whose
"[monitors](https://www.erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/processes.html#monitors)" are
unidirectional connections similar to the individual "presence" assertions described above.
## Linked Task
[Linked Tasks]: #linked-task
[Linked Task]: #linked-task
Many implementations of the [Syndicated Actor Model][] offer the ability to associate a facet
with zero or more native threads, coroutines, objects, or other language-specific
representations of asynchronous activities. When such a facet stops (either by explicit [stop
action][action] or by crash-termination of the facet's actor), its linked tasks are also
terminated. By default, the converse is also the case: a terminating linked task will trigger
termination of its associated facet. This allows for resource management patterns similar to
those enabled by the related idea of [linked actors][].
## Macaroon
A *macaroon* is an access token for authorization of actions in distributed systems. Macaroons
were introduced in the paper:
[*“Macaroons: Cookies with Contextual Caveats for Decentralized Authorization in the
Cloud.”*](https://research.google/pubs/pub41892/), by Arnar Birgisson, Joe Gibbs Politz, Úlfar
Erlingsson, Ankur Taly, Michael Vrable, and Mark Lentczner. In Proc. Network and Distributed
System Security Symposium (NDSS), 2014. [[PDF]](https://research.google/pubs/pub41892.pdf)
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], a variation of the macaroon concept is used to represent
"sturdyrefs". A [sturdyref](./operation/builtin/gatekeeper.md#sturdyrefs) is a long-lived token
authorizing interaction with some entity, which can be upgraded to a live [entity reference][]
by presenting it to a [gatekeeper entity](./operation/builtin/gatekeeper.md) across a session
of the [Syndicate network protocol][]. (The term "sturdyref" is lifted directly from the [E
language][] and associated ecosystem.)
## Mailbox
[Mailbox]: #mailbox
Every [actor][] notionally has a *mailbox* which receives [events][] resulting from its peers'
[actions][]. Each actor spends its existence waiting for an incoming event to appear in its
mailbox, removing the event, taking a [turn][] to process it, and repeating the cycle.
## Membrane
[Membrane]: #membrane
A *membrane* is a structure used in implementations of the [Syndicate network protocol][] to
keep track of [wire symbols][].
## Message
[Messages]: #message
[Message]: #message
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], a *message* is a [value][] carried as the payload or *body*
of a message [action][] (and associated [event][]), conveying transient information from some
sending [actor][] to a recipient [entity][].
## Network
[Networks]: #network
[Network]: #network
A network is a group of peers ([actors][]), plus a medium of communication (a [transport][]),
an addressing model ([references][]), and an associated [scope][].
## Object-Capability Model
[Object-Capability Model]: #object-capability-model
The [Object-capability model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-capability_model) is a
compositional means of expressing access control in a distributed system. It has its roots in
operating systems research stretching back decades, but was pioneered in a programming language
setting by the [E language][] and the Scheme dialect
[W7](http://mumble.net/~jar/pubs/secureos/secureos.html).
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], object-capabilities manifest as potentially-[attenuated][]
[entity references][].
## Observe
[Observe]: #observe
[Observation]: #observe
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], [assertion][] of an `Observe` record at a [dataspace][]
declares an *interest* in receiving notifications about matching [assertions][] and
[messages][] as they are asserted, retracted and sent through the dataspace.
Each `Observe` record contains a [dataspace pattern][] describing a structural predicate over
assertion and message [payloads][], plus an [entity reference][] to the [entity][] which should
be informed as matching events appear at the dataspace.
## OID
[OID]: #oid
An *OID* is an "object identifier", a small, session-unique integer acting as an [entity
reference][] across a [transport][] link in an instance of the [Syndicate network protocol][].
## Publishing
To *publish* something is to *assert* it; see [assertion][].
## Preserves
[Preserves]: #preserves
**Main article: [Preserves](./guide/preserves.md)**
Many implementations of the [SAM][] use *Preserves*, a programming-language-independent
language for data, as the language defining the possible [values][] that may be exchanged among
[entities][] in [assertions][] and [values][].
See the [chapter on Preserves](./guide/preserves.md) in this manual for more information.
## Record
The [Preserves][] data language defines the notion of a *record*, a tuple containing a *label*
and zero or more numbered *fields*. The [dataspace pattern][] language used by [dataspaces][]
allows for patterns over records as well as over other compound data structures.
## Reference
[Entity References]: #reference
[Entity Reference]: #reference
[References]: #reference
[Reference]: #reference
[Ref]: #reference
[Refs]: #reference
(a.k.a. **Ref**, **Entity Reference**, **[Capability][]**) A *reference* is a pointer or handle
denoting a live, stateful [entity][] running within an [actor][]. The entity accepts
[Preserves][]-format [messages][] and/or [assertions][]. The capability may be [attenuated][]
to restrict the messages and assertions that may be delivered to the denoted entity by way of
this particular reference.
## Retraction
[Retraction]: #retraction
In the [Syndicated Actor Model][], a *retraction* is an [action][] (and corresponding
[event][]) which withdraws a previous [assertion][]. Retractions can be explicitly performed
within a [turn][], or implicitly performed during [facet][] shutdown or [actor][] termination
(both normal termination and crash stop).
The [SAM][] guarantees that an actor's assertions will be retracted when it terminates, no
matter whether an orderly shutdown or an exceptional or crashing situation was the cause.
## Relay
[Relays]: #relay
[Relay]: #relay
A *relay* connects [scopes][], allowing [references][] to denote [entities][] resident in
remote [networks][], making use of the [Syndicate network protocol][] to do so.
See the [Syndicate network protocol][] for more on relays.
## Relay Entity
[Relay Entity]: #relay-entity
A *relay entity* is a local proxy for an [entity][] at the other side of a [relay][] link. It
forwards [events][] delivered to it across its [transport][] to its counterpart at the other
end.
See the [Syndicate network protocol][] for more on relay entities.
## S6
[S6, "Skarnet's Small Supervision Suite"](https://skarnet.org/software/s6/), is
> a small suite of programs for UNIX, designed to allow process [supervision][] (a.k.a service
> supervision), in the line of daemontools and runit, as well as various operations on
> processes and daemons.
>
> — [The S6 website](https://skarnet.org/software/s6/)
Synit uses [`s6-log`](https://skarnet.org/software/s6/s6-log.html) to capture standard error
output from [the root system bus](./operation/system-bus.md#the-root-system-bus).
## Schema
[Schema]: #schema
A *schema* defines a mapping between [values][] and host-language types in various programming
languages. The mapping describes how to parse values into host-language data, as well as how to
unparse host-language data, generating equivalent values. Another way of thinking about a
schema is as a specification of the allowable shapes for data to be used in a particular
context.
Synit, and many programs making use of the [Syndicated Actor Model][], uses [Preserves][]'
[schema language](https://preserves.dev/preserves-schema.html) to define
schemas for many different applications.
For more, see [the section on schemas in the chapter on
Preserves](http://zip.kpn:3000/guide/preserves.html#schemas).
## Scope
[Scopes]: #scope
[Scope]: #scope
A *scope* maps [refs][] to the [entities][] they denote. Scopes exist in one-to-one
relationship to [networks][]. Because [message bodies][message] and [asserted
values][assertion] contain [embedded references][], each message and assertion transmitted via
some network is also inseparable from its scope.
Most [actors][] will participate in a single scope. However, [relay][] actors participate in
two or more scopes, translating refs back and forth as messages and assertions traverse the
relay.
**Examples.**
1. A process is a scope for in-memory values: in-memory refs contain direct pointers to
entities, which cannot be interpreted outside the context of the process's address space.
The "network" associated with the process's scope is the intra-process graph of object
references.
2. A TCP/IP socket (or serial link, or WebSocket, or Unix socket, etc.) is a scope for values
travelling between two connected processes: [refs on the wire][wire symbol] denote
entities owned by one or the other of the two participants. The "network" for a socket's
scope is exactly the two connected peers (NB. and is *not* the underlying TCP/IP network,
HTTP network, or Unix kernel that supports the point-to-point link).
3. An ethernet segment is a scope for values broadcast among stations: the embedded refs are
(MAC address, [OID][]) pairs. The network is the set of participating peers.
4. A running web page is a scope for the JavaScript objects it contains: both local and remote
entities are represented by JavaScript objects. The "network" is the JavaScript heap.
## Subscription
See [observation][].
## Supervision tree
[Supervision trees]: #supervision-tree
[Supervision tree]: #supervision-tree
A *supervision tree* is a concept borrowed from [Erlang][], where a root [supervisor][]
supervises other supervisors, which in turn supervise worker [actors][] engaged in some task.
As workers fail, their supervisors restart them; if the failures are too severe or too
frequent, their direct supervisors fail in turn, and the supervisors' supervisors take action
to recover from the failures.
## Supervisor
[Supervisors]: #supervisor
[Supervisor]: #supervisor
[Supervision]: #supervisor
A *supervisor* is an [actor][] or [facet][] whose role is to monitor the state of some service,
taking action to ensure its availability to other portions of a complete system. When the
service fails, the supervisor is able to restart it. If the failures are too severe or too
frequent, the supervisor can take an alternative action, perhaps pausing for some time before
retrying the service, or perhaps even terminating itself to give its own supervisor in a
[supervision tree][] a chance to get things back on track.
Synit uses supervisors extensively to monitor system daemons and other system services.
## Sync Peer Entity
The *sync peer entity* is the [entity reference][] carried in a [synchronization][] [action][]
or [event][].
## Synchronization
[Synchronization]: #synchronization
An [actor][] may *synchronize* with an [entity][] by scheduling a *synchronization* [action][]
targeted at that entity. The action will carry a local [entity reference][] acting as a
continuation. When the target entity eventually responds, it will transmit an acknowledgement
to the continuation entity reference carried in the request.
An entity receiving a synchronization [event][] should arrange for an acknowledgement to be
delivered to the referenced continuation entity once previously-received events that might
modify the recipient's state (or the state of a remote entity that it is proxy for) have been
completely processed.
Most entities do not explicitly include code for responding to synchronization requests. The
default code, which simply replies to the continuation immediately, usually suffices. However,
sometimes the default is not appropriate. For example, when [relay entity][] is proxying for
some remote entity via a [relay][] across a [transport][], it should react to synchronization
events by forwarding them to the remote entity. When the remote entity receives the forwarded
request, it will reply to its local proxy for the continuation entity, which will in turn
forward the reply back across the transport.
## Syndicate Protocol
[Syndicate Network Protocol]: #syndicate-protocol
[Syndicate Protocol]: #syndicate-protocol
[Protocol]: #syndicate-protocol
**Main article: [The Syndicate Protocol](./protocol.md)**
The Syndicate Protocol (a.k.a the **Syndicate Network Protocol**) allows [relays][] to proxy
entities from remote [scopes][] into the local scope.
For more, see [the protocol specification document](./protocol.md).
## Syndicated Actor Model
[Syndicated Actor Model]: #syndicated-actor-model
[SAM]: #syndicated-actor-model
**Main article: [The Syndicated Actor Model](./syndicated-actor-model.md)**
The *Syndicated Actor Model* (often abbreviated **SAM**) is the model of concurrency and
communication underpinning Synit. The SAM offers a “conversational” metaphor: programs meet and
converse in virtual locations, building common understanding of the state of their shared
tasks.
In the SAM, source [entities][] running within an [actor][] publish [assertions][] and send
[messages][] to target entities, possibly in other actors. The essential idea of the SAM is
that state replication is more useful than message-passing; message-passing protocols often end
up simulating state replication.
[A thorough introduction to the Syndicated Actor Model](./syndicated-actor-model.md) is
available.
## System Layer
The [*system layer*](system-layer.md) is an essential part of an operating system, mediating
between user-facing programs and the kernel. It provides the technical foundation for many
qualities relevant to system security, resilience, connectivity, maintainability and usability.
The concept of a system layer has only been recently recognised—the term itself was [coined by
Benno Rice in a 2019 conference
presentation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_AIw9bGogo)—although many of the ideas
it entails have a long history.
The hypothesis that the Synit system explores is that the [Syndicated Actor model][] provides a
suitable theoretical and practical foundation for a system layer. The system layer demands, and
the SAM supplies, well-integrated expression of features such as service naming, presence,
discovery and activation; security mechanism and policy; subsystem isolation; and robust
handling of partial failure.
## System Dataspace
The *system dataspace* in Synit is the primary dataspace entity, owned by an [actor][] running
within [the root system bus](./operation/system-bus.md#the-root-system-bus), and (selectively)
made available to daemons, system services, and user programs.
## Timeout
[Timeout]: #timeout
Many implementations of the [Syndicated Actor Model][] offer [actions][] for establishing
*timeouts*, i.e. one-off or repeating alarms. Timeouts are frequently implemented as [linked
tasks][].
## Transport
[Transport]: #transport
A *transport* is the underlying medium connecting one [relay][] to its counterpart(s) in an
instance of the [Syndicate network protocol][]. For example, a TLS-on-TCP/IP socket may connect
a pair of relays to one another, or a UDP multicast socket may connect an entire group of
relays across an ethernet.
## Turn
[Turn]: #turn
Each time an [event][] arrives at an [actor][]'s [mailbox][], the actor takes a *turn*. A turn
is the process of handling the triggering event, from the moment of its withdrawal from the
mailbox to the moment of the completion of its interpretation.
Relatedly, the programming-language *representation* of a turn is a convenient place to attach
the APIs necessary for working with the [Syndicated Actor Model][]. In many implementations,
some class named `Turn` or similar exposes methods corresponding to the [actions][] available
in the [SAM].
In the [SAM][], a turn comprises
- the [event][] that triggered the turn,
- the [entity][] addressed by the event,
- the [facet][] owning the targeted entity, and
- the collection of pending [actions][] produced during execution.
If a turn proceeds to completion without an exception or other crash, its pending actions are
*committed* (finalised and/or delivered to their target entities). If, on the other hand, the
turn is aborted for some reason, its pending actions are *rolled back* (discarded), the actor
is terminated, its assertions [retracted][retraction], and all its resources released.
## Value
[Values]: #value
[Value]: #value
[Payloads]: #value
[Payload]: #value
A [Preserves][] `Value` with embedded data. The embedded data are often [embedded references][]
but, in some implementations, may be other kinds of datum. Every [message][] body and every
[assertion][] payload is a value.
## Wire Symbol
[Wire Symbols]: #wire-symbol
[Wire Symbol]: #wire-symbol
A *wire symbol* is a structure used in implementations of the [Syndicate network protocol][] to
maintain a connection between an in-memory [entity reference][] and the equivalent name for the
entity as used in packets sent across the network.