#lang racket/base
;; Virtualized operating system, this time with presence.

(require racket/set)
(require racket/match)
(require "unify.rkt")

;; Endpoints are the units of deduplication.
;; Flows (in canonical form) are the units of presence.

;;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Data definitions

;; A PID is an (arbitrary) VM-unique process identifier. Concretely,
;; it's an integer.

;; A EID is an (arbitrary) VM-unique endpoint identifier. Concretely,
;; it's a list of two elements, the first being the endpoint's
;; process's PID and the second being an integer. (Except for the
;; ground-vm, where they're different because there aren't any PIDs.)

;; One endpoint, one topic.

;; A Flow is a Topic that comes from the intersection of two dual
;; topics.

;; A QuasiQueue<X> is a list of Xs in *reversed* order.

(struct vm (processes ;; Hash<PID, Process>
	    endpoints ;; Hash<EID, Endpoint>
	    next-process-id ;; PID
	    pending-actions ;; QuasiQueue<(cons PID Action)>
	    ) #:transparent)

(struct endpoint (id ;; EID
		  topic ;; Topic
		  handlers ;; Handlers
		  ) #:transparent)

(struct process (id ;; PID
		 state
		 next-endpoint-id-number ;; NonnegativeInteger
		 endpoints ;; Set<EID>
		 ) #:transparent)

(struct topic (role pattern virtual?) #:prefab)

;; InterruptK = State -> Transition
;; TrapK<X> = X -> InterruptK

;; PresenceHandler = TrapK<EID * Topic>
;; AbsenceHandler = TrapK<EID * Topic * Reason>
;; MessageHandler = TrapK<EID * Topic * Message>
(struct handlers (presence absence message) #:transparent)

;; actions is a plain old List<Action>, not a QuasiQueue.
(struct transition (state actions) #:transparent)

;; Preactions.
;; Ks are various TrapKs or #f, signifying lack of interest.
(struct add-role (topic handlers k) #:prefab)
(struct delete-role (eid reason) #:prefab)
(struct send-message (topic body) #:prefab)
(struct spawn (thunk k) #:prefab)

;; An Action is either a Preaction or an (at-meta-level Preaction).
(struct at-meta-level (preaction) #:prefab)

;;---------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Topics and roles

(define (topic-publisher pattern #:virtual? [virtual? #f])
  (topic 'publisher pattern virtual?))

(define (topic-subscriber pattern #:virtual? [virtual? #f])
  (topic 'subscriber pattern virtual?))

(define (co-roles r)
  (case r
    [(publisher) '(subscriber)]
    [(subscriber) '(publisher)]
    [else #f]))

(define (co-topics t)
  (for/list ([co-role (co-roles (topic-role t))])
    (struct-copy topic t [role co-role])))

(define (refine-topic remote-topic new-pattern)
  (struct-copy topic remote-topic [pattern new-pattern]))

(define (roles-intersect? l r)
  (memq l (co-roles r)))

;; Both left and right must be canonicalized.
(define (topic-intersection left right)
  (and (roles-intersect? (topic-role left) (topic-role right))
       (mgu-canonical (freshen (topic-pattern left)) (freshen (topic-pattern right)))))

;;---------------------------------------------------------------------------

;; QuasiQueue<X>
(define empty-quasi-queue '())

;; X QuasiQueue<X> -> QuasiQueue<X>
(define (quasi-enqueue-one thing existing-quasi-queue)
  (cons thing existing-quasi-queue))

;; List<X> QuasiQueue<X> -> QuasiQueue<X>
(define (quasi-enqueue-many many-things-in-order existing-quasi-queue)
  (append (reverse many-things-in-order) existing-quasi-queue))

;; QuasiQueue<X> -> List<X>
(define (quasi-queue->list quasi-queue)
  (reverse quasi-queue))

;; List<X> -> QuasiQueue<X>
(define (list->quasi-queue xs)
  (reverse xs))

;;---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (make-vm boot)
  (vm (hash)
      (hash)
      0
      (list->quasi-queue (list (spawn boot #f)))))

(define (run-vm state)
  (let loop ((remaining-actions (quasi-queue->list (vm-pending-actions state)))
	     (state (struct-copy vm state [pending-actions empty-quasi-queue]))
	     (outbound-actions empty-quasi-queue))
    (match remaining-actions
      ['() (transition state (quasi-queue->list outbound-actions))]
      [(cons (cons pid action) rest)
       (match action
	 [(at-meta-level preaction)
	  (define transformed-preaction (transform-meta-action pid preaction))
	  (loop rest state (quasi-enqueue-one transformed-preaction outbound-actions))]
	 [preaction
	  (loop rest (perform-action pid preaction state) outbound-actions)])])))

(define (run-user-code v)
  ;; TODO: use this hook to find all the bits of code that will need
  ;; with-handlers and crash compensation.
  v)

(define (perform-action pid preaction state)
  (match preaction
    [(add-role topic hs k) (do-subscribe pid topic hs k state)]
    [(delete-role eid reason) (do-unsubscribe pid eid reason state)]
    [(send-message topic body) (route-and-deliver topic body state)]
    [(spawn thunk k) (do-spawn pid thunk k state)]))

(define (do-subscribe pid topic hs k state)
  (define old-process (hash-ref (vm-processes state) pid))
  (define eid-number (process-next-endpoint-id-number old-process))
  (define new-eid (list pid eid-number))
  (struct-copy vm (for*/fold ([state (run-trapk state pid k new-eid)])
		      ([(matching-pid p) (in-hash (vm-processes state))]
		       [matching-eid (in-set (process-endpoints p))]
		       [e (in-value (hash-ref (vm-endpoints state) matching-eid))]
		       [matching-topic (in-value (endpoint-topic e))]
		       [flow-pattern (in-value (topic-intersection topic matching-topic))]
		       #:when flow-pattern)
		    (define inbound-flow (refine-topic matching-topic flow-pattern))
		    (define outbound-flow (refine-topic topic flow-pattern))
		    (let* ((state (run-trapk state
					     pid
					     (handlers-presence hs)
					     new-eid
					     inbound-flow))
			   (state (run-trapk state
					     matching-pid
					     (handlers-presence (endpoint-handlers e))
					     matching-eid
					     outbound-flow)))
		      state))
	       [processes (hash-set (vm-processes state)
				    pid
				    (struct-copy process old-process
						 [next-endpoint-id-number (+ eid-number 1)]
						 [endpoints
						  (set-add (process-endpoints old-process)
							   new-eid)]))]
	       [endpoints (hash-set (vm-endpoints state)
				    new-eid
				    (endpoint new-eid
					      topic
					      hs))]))

(define (do-unsubscribe pid eid reason state)
  (define endpoint-to-remove (hash-ref (vm-endpoints state) eid))
  (define removed-topic (endpoint-topic endpoint-to-remove))
  (define old-process (hash-ref (vm-processes state) pid))
  (define new-process (struct-copy process old-process
				   [endpoints (set-remove (process-endpoints old-process) eid)]))
  (let ((state (struct-copy vm state
			    [endpoints (hash-remove (vm-endpoints state) eid)]
			    [processes (if (set-empty? (process-endpoints new-process))
					   (hash-remove (vm-processes state) pid)
					   (hash-set (vm-processes state) pid new-process))])))
    (for*/fold ([state state])
	([(matching-pid p) (in-hash (vm-processes state))]
	 [matching-eid (in-set (process-endpoints p))]
	 [e (in-value (hash-ref (vm-endpoints state) matching-eid))]
	 [matching-topic (in-value (endpoint-topic e))]
	 [flow-pattern (in-value (topic-intersection removed-topic matching-topic))]
	 #:when flow-pattern)
      (define outbound-flow (refine-topic removed-topic flow-pattern))
      (run-trapk state
		 matching-pid
		 (handlers-absence (endpoint-handlers e))
		 matching-eid
		 outbound-flow
		 reason))))

(define (route-and-deliver message-topic body state)
  (define pids-and-endpoints
    (for*/set ([(matching-pid p) (in-hash (vm-processes state))]
	       [matching-eid (in-set (process-endpoints p))]
	       [e (in-value (hash-ref (vm-endpoints state) matching-eid))]
	       [matching-topic (in-value (endpoint-topic e))]
	       [flow-pattern (in-value (topic-intersection message-topic matching-topic))]
	       #:when flow-pattern)
      (cons matching-pid e)))
  (for/fold ([state state]) ([pid-and-endpoint (in-set pids-and-endpoints)])
    (define matching-pid (car pid-and-endpoint))
    (define e (cdr pid-and-endpoint))
    (run-trapk state
	       matching-pid
	       (handlers-message (endpoint-handlers e))
	       (endpoint-id e)
	       message-topic
	       body)))

(define (run-trapk state pid trap-k . args)
  (run-ready state pid (run-user-code (apply trap-k args))))

(define (run-ready state pid interrupt-k)
  (define old-process (hash-ref (vm-processes state) pid))
  (match-define (transition new-process-state actions)
    (run-user-code (interrupt-k (process-state old-process))))
  (struct-copy vm (enqueue-actions state pid actions)
	       [processes (hash-set (vm-processes state) pid
				    (struct-copy process old-process
						 [state new-process-state]))]))

(define (do-spawn spawning-pid thunk k state)
  (match-define (transition initial-state initial-actions) (run-user-code (thunk)))
  (define new-pid (vm-next-process-id state))
  (run-trapk (struct-copy vm (enqueue-actions state new-pid initial-actions)
			  [processes (hash-set (vm-processes state) new-pid (process new-pid
										     initial-state
										     0
										     (set)))]
			  [next-process-id (+ new-pid 1)])
	     spawning-pid
	     k
	     new-pid))

(define (enqueue-actions state pid actions)
  (struct-copy vm state
	       [pending-actions (quasi-enqueue-many (for/list ([a actions]) (cons pid a))
						    (vm-pending-actions state))]))

(define (wrap-trapk pid trapk)
  (lambda args
    (lambda (state)
      (apply run-trapk state pid trapk args))))

(define (transform-meta-action pid preaction)
  (match preaction
    [(add-role topic hs k)
     (add-role topic
	       (handlers (wrap-trapk pid (handlers-presence hs))
			 (wrap-trapk pid (handlers-absence hs))
			 (wrap-trapk pid (handlers-message hs)))
	       (wrap-trapk pid k))]
    [(? delete-role?) preaction]
    [(? send-message?) preaction]
    [(spawn thunk k)
     (spawn thunk (wrap-trapk pid k))]))

;;---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (ground-vm boot)
  (let run-kernel ((transition (run-vm (make-vm boot)))
		   (endpoints (hash))
		   (next-eid-number 0))
    (let integrate-delta ((state (transition-state transition))
			  (actions (transition-actions transition))
			  (endpoints endpoints)
			  (next-eid-number 0))
      (match actions
	['()
	 (define interruptk (apply sync
				   (for/list ([(eid e) (in-hash events)])
				     (wrap-evt (endpoint-topic e)
					       (lambda (message)
						 (run-user-code
						  ((handlers-message (endpoint-handlers e))
						   eid
						   (endpoint-topic e)
						   message)))))))
	 (run-kernel (run-user-code (interruptk state)))]
	[(cons preaction rest)
	 (match preaction
	   [(add-role topic hs k)

	    (integrate-delta (run-user-code
						    ((run-user-code (k next-eid-number))
						     state))
							      
rest
						   (hash-set endpoints
							     next-eid-number
							     (endpoint next-eid-number

	   [(delete-role eid reason) ...]
	   [(send-message topic body) ...]
	   [(spawn thunk k) ...])]))))

    (for-each (lambda (thunk) (thunk)) (kernel-mode-transition-messages transition))
    (when (not (nested-vm-inert? (kernel-mode-transition-suspension transition)))
      (match transition
	[(kernel-mode-transition (suspension new-state
					     polling-k
					     message-handlers
					     '())
				 _
				 '()
				 '())
	 (define inbound-messages
	   (map (match-lambda [(message-handler (ground-event-pattern tag evt) k)
			       (wrap-evt evt (lambda (v) (cons (ground-event-value tag v) k)))])
		message-handlers))
	 (match-define (cons inbound-value inbound-continuation)
	   (apply sync
		  (wrap-evt (if polling-k always-evt never-evt)
			    (lambda (v) (cons (ground-event-value 'idle (void))
					      (lambda (dummy) polling-k))))
		  inbound-messages))
	 (loop ((inbound-continuation inbound-value) new-state))]
	[_
	 (error 'ground-vm
		"Outermost VM may not spawn new siblings or send or receive metamessages")])))